---
title: "The hidden skills and knowledge gaps in hybrid teaching"
outline_version: 2
auto_title_slide: false
auto_thanks_slide: false
---

## The hidden skills and knowledge gaps in hybrid teaching
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dominik.lukes@ctl.ox.ac.uk

## First things first!
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## What do I mean by: skills, knowledge and gap?
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## knowledge = mental model of how things work
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## skills = fluency of performance
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## gap = difference between necessary and current state of knowledge and skills
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## Intuitive is not enough
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![Screenshot of an article on the UIE website, “What Makes a Design Seem ‘Intuitive’?” by Jared M. Spool, with the author's portrait and the opening paragraph, about a usability test in which a frustrated user claims to know exactly what is wrong with the interface.](assets/media/img-67ce96b60ca44edd.png)

## Slide 8
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> “we first have to look at how people understand the design in the first place. To do that, we need to look at the design’s knowledge space.”
>
> -- Jared Spool

## Knowledge gap illustrated
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![Excerpt from an article by Jared Spool, “The Knowledge Gap is where design happens. We don’t need to design to the left of current knowledge point, because it’s all stuff the user already knows. And we don’t need to design stuff to the right of the target knowledge point, since the user won’t be needing that information (for this task, at least). We only need to design the interface for the space in between current knowledge and target knowledge.”, above a diagram of a long bar running from “No Knowledge” to “All Knowledge”, with the “Current Knowledge Point” and the “Target Knowledge Point” marked and the stretch between them labelled “The Knowledge Gap”.](assets/media/img-7fe31fef393a7f68.png)

## Slide 10
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> “The biggest challenge in making a design seem intuitive to users is learning where the current and target knowledge points are.”
>
> -- Jared Spool

## Teams intuitive or not? How do you turn off together mode?
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![Screenshot of the Microsoft Teams meeting menu opened from the three-dot button, listing Device settings, Show meeting notes, Meeting details, Gallery, Large gallery, Together mode (outlined in red), Focus, Apply background effects, Turn on live captions and Start recording.](assets/media/img-2bad8698c71e5e87.jpeg)

## People don’t develop knowledge and skills in the same way.
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## Table of types of users
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![Diagram on the slide's original page: a four-part quadrant. A vertical double arrow runs from “Just wants to know the steps” at the top to “Needs to understand principles” at the bottom, and a horizontal double arrow from “Wants to just try different things” on the left to “Wants to know exactly what to do” on the right. The numbered user types sit in the quadrants: 1 top right, 2 bottom right, 3 bottom left, 4 top left.](assets/pages/page-13.png)

Axis labels on the slide: top “Just wants to know the steps”, bottom “Needs to understand principles”, left “Wants to just try different things”, right “Wants to know exactly what to do”.

1. ‘Technophobe’ (just want it to work)
2. Sys Admin (why change things that work)
3. Hacker (in a good way, take it apart and put it back)
4. Knows ‘just enough to be dangerous’

## Some hybrid mental models
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## Mental models can help make sense of the needs.
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## Three levels of hybrid
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- **Lecture** / Mostly presentation with some questions (large audience)
  - Mostly Face to Face
    - Pointing a laptop with a Teams session at the presenter can be sufficient
  - Half and half
    - Two computer set up ideal with screen to display remote attendees
    - F2F attendees should bring laptops
  - Mostly remote
    - Pointing a laptop with a Teams session at the presenter can be sufficient
    - F2F attendees benefit from laptop
- **Seminar / Lab** / Group work with presentations and questions (medium audience)
  - Mostly Face to Face
    - Ensure one F2F group has a laptop to integrate remote attendees
    - Focus on reporting back and integrating remote attendees
  - Half and half
    - Teaching assistant highly recommended
    - F2F attendees need laptops to integrate
    - Audio biggest concern. Consider purchasing Meeting OWL.
  - Mostly remote
    - One local group can work with laptop
    - Facilitator works with own laptop
- **Tutorial / meeting** / Highly interactive for whole group (smaller size)
  - Mostly Face to Face
    - Single laptop should suffice
    - Consider purchasing an external noise cancelling USB microphone/speaker
  - Half and half
    - Single laptop should suffice
    - Projector recommended
    - Consider purchasing Meeting OWL
  - Mostly remote
    - Single laptop should suffice with F2F participants sitting side by side

## What do we need
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- 2-3 External screens
- 2 Computers
- 2 Cameras
- Microphone and speaker

## What we want to achieve
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- 2-3 External screens
  - Projector
  - Screen with participants for attendees
  - Screen with participants for presenter
- 2 Computers
  - One as presenter
  - One to see participants
- 2 Cameras
  - One for speaker
  - One for audience
- Microphone and speaker
  - Noise canceling
  - Sensitive robust

## Good mental models can help make sense of seeming chaos.
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## A box of goodies. How to we sort it all out?
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![Diagram on the slide's original page: an open cardboard box in the centre surrounded by scattered icons: projectors, cameras, a projector screen, laptops, monitors, a desktop computer, speakers, a microphone, a USB cable and a power plug in blue, and a lecturer at a lectern, a meeting screen with participants and three audience figures in red.](assets/pages/page-20.png)

## The fundamental question - Who sees what?
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- Presenter
- Local Participant
- Remote participant

## Who sees who and what break down
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| Who sees `\` What | Presenter | Local Participants | Remote Participants | Presentation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| **Presenter** | Themselves on Teams with other participants | Face to face in the room | in Teams window on comfort monitor | In presenter mode on comfort monitor |
| **Remote Participant** | In Teams window | In Teams window from Camera 2 | In Teams window | In Teams window |
| **Local Participant** | Face to face in the room | Sees face to face in the room | See on a screen facing them (optional) | On a projector screen in the room |

## Basic set up
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![Diagram on the slide's original page: the set-up drawn with icons. A speaker pair, a camera and a microphone at top left; a projector screen at top centre with a projector below it; a red lecturer at a lectern in the middle; two laptops; two blue monitors showing participant icons at left and right; a camera, three red audience figures and a red meeting screen along the bottom.](assets/pages/page-23.png)

## What does it look like
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![Photograph of a seminar room: a projector screen showing the slide “Hybrid Set Up”, desks with a laptop and a speaker-and-camera unit, and a media cabinet, with four labelled arrows pointing at the equipment.](assets/media/img-38cfd552223778a9.jpeg)

- Projector and presenter laptop
- Jabra speaker, camera and mic
- Logitec MeetUP
- Media cabinet with DELL and MacMini

## Another view
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![Photograph of the same seminar room from another side, with the projector screen showing “Hybrid Set Up”, the presenter's desk and four labelled arrows pointing at the equipment.](assets/media/img-359000b01ef968ef.jpeg)

- Projector and presenter laptop
- Jabra speaker, camera and mic
- Logitec MeetUP
- Media cabinet with DELL and MacMini

## Two screens
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![Photograph of two large monitors standing in a V shape on a wooden desk, with cables running behind them.](assets/media/img-a9e1c55ec6d0048a.jpeg)

## Two computers and …
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![Photograph of a small Dell computer and a Mac mini side by side on a shelf in a wooden cabinet.](assets/media/img-01133466e62844c8.jpeg)

## Projector or two
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![Photograph of a white Epson projector on a wooden desk, with its lamp lit.](assets/media/img-36cff3d350b34243.jpeg)

## Power cables
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![Photograph of tangled power and data cables and a power strip inside a wooden cabinet.](assets/media/img-b0b402d862c97be1.jpeg)

## Sometimes more straightforward propositional knowledge is helpful
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## Microphone / Speaker / Camera Combinations
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|  | Jabra Panacast 50 | Logitech Meet up | Meeting OWL Pro | Jabra Meet 510 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Description | 3 cameras / 180 view / Automatic speaker switching | 1 rotating camera / Speaker follow / 180 view / Remote control | 1 camera on top / 360 view / App to control | Integrated USB microphone and speaker / No cameras |
| Strengths | Best quality speaker and mic | Built in stand / More portable / Good quality for smaller rooms | Creates split screen with local attendees / All round view / Controllable through phone | Noise cancelling / Ideal for small rooms / Cheap |
| Weaknesses | No built in stand / Large and heavy | Not as good speaker for large rooms | Not as good microphone for large rooms | Small rooms only |

![Photograph of the Jabra PanaCast 50, a long bar-shaped conference camera and speaker.](assets/media/img-b1d90a9c6e8b50c4.png)

![Photograph of the Logitech MeetUp, a compact bar-shaped video conferencing camera.](assets/media/img-caed8a5d85ae41da.png)

![Photograph of the Meeting Owl Pro, a tall cylindrical 360-degree camera and speaker.](assets/media/img-48e0dfe66cbc25a6.png)

![Photograph of the Jabra Meet 510, a round speakerphone.](assets/media/img-f9db9d85ffe5629e.png)

## Metaphors can also be mental models.
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## Pipes metaphor
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Everything digital is connected by some sort of a **pipe through which information flows**. Pipes have branches and gates.

## Addresses metaphor
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For your computer to find anything, it has to have **a unique address**. There has to be **a path** to that address and the address has **a name**. And the computer must have a procedure for following that path.

## Example of audio pipes and addresses
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![Screenshot of the Windows sound menu “Select playback device”, listing ASUS VA24E (Intel(R) Display Audio), Speakers (Realtek High Definition Audio(SST)) highlighted, ASUS VA24E again and Speakers (Yeti Stereo Microphone).](assets/media/img-c6f1ac4174c55906.png)

![Screenshot of a small Windows sound menu with Open Volume Mixer, Open Sound settings, Spatial sound (Off) and Troubleshoot sound problems.](assets/media/img-7de0e18f7de29043.png)

![Screenshot of a conferencing application's audio menu with “Select a Microphone” and “Select a Speaker” lists of devices (Yeti Stereo Microphone, USB Audio Device, ASUS VA24E, Realtek High Definition Audio and others), followed by Test Speaker & Microphone, Switch to Phone Audio, Leave Computer Audio and Audio Settings.](assets/media/img-47de596baaa5f3d5.png)

## Understanding echo source…
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![Diagram on the slide's original page: two laptops, each with a pair of speakers and a microphone beneath it. Under the left laptop the speakers are red and the microphone is dark blue. Under the right laptop the speakers are dark blue and the microphone is red. A curved red arrow starts beneath the right-hand group and ends just below the left-hand microphone.](assets/pages/page-36.png)

## … can help with echo resolution
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![Diagram on the slide's original page: two laptops, each with a speaker pair and a microphone beneath it. The pair under the left laptop is blue; the pair under the right laptop is red, and the right laptop's screen shows a camera-off and a microphone-off icon.](assets/pages/page-37.png)

## But sometimes straightforward factual knowledge is necessary.
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## Teams does not always honour system settings
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![The slide's original page: three screenshots side by side. Left: the Windows volume slider, with the speaker icon at its left end crossed out for mute and circled in red, above the taskbar showing the time 09:58 and the date 12/01/2022 with the mouse pointer on the taskbar speaker icon. Middle: the Teams “Device settings” panel, with Audio devices Jabra SPEAK 410 USB, Speaker and Microphone both “Echo Cancelling Speakerphone…” and Noise suppression Auto (default); the speaker icon beside the speaker volume slider is not crossed out and is circled in red. Right: the same panel with the speaker icon crossed out and circled in red. In both panels a crossed-out microphone icon sits beside the microphone level bars.](assets/pages/page-39.png)

## Some skills
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## Are radio DJs smarter than university lecturers?
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![Photograph of a radio studio desk with a laptop showing audio software, mixing desks and equipment racks, and a newspaper.](assets/media/img-24a69dd810c5ef31.jpg)

[This Photo](https://www.flickr.com/photos/alexlamond/12132471333/) by Unknown Author is licensed under [CC BY-ND](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/)

## Chunks and shortcuts can let us manage complex situations.
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## Targeted (deliberate) practice can help develop chunks.
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## Think of this as learning a foreign language. Simply knowing the words and rules is not enough!
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## Developing fluency with these tasks can help.
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## Skills
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- Use multiple monitors
  - Win-P
  - Win-Shift-→
  - Drag
- Switch between windows
  - Alt-TAB / Command tab
- Teams Features
  - Screen share

## Set up many monitors Win - P
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![Screenshot of the Windows Project menu with four options: PC screen only, Duplicate, Extend (highlighted) and Second screen only.](assets/media/img-cfae959d38958734.png)

## Send current window to another monitor
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![The slide's original page: at the top, part of a keyboard with the shift key and the Windows key each outlined in red; below it a plus sign and the left, up, down and right arrow keys, with the left and right arrow keys outlined in green.](assets/pages/page-48.png)

Outlined in red: the shift key and the Windows key. Outlined in green: the left and right arrow keys. A plus sign separates the two groups.

## Win/Alt/Cmd Tab to reveal memory
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![The slide's original page: two parts of a keyboard side by side. On the left the tab key is outlined in green and the Windows key in red. On the right the tab key is outlined in green and the alt key in red.](assets/pages/page-49.png)

Left keyboard: tab outlined in green, Windows key outlined in red. Right keyboard: tab outlined in green, alt key outlined in red.

## Switch between Windows with Alt-TAB
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![Screenshot of the Windows Alt-Tab task switcher showing thumbnails of open windows, including PowerPoint Slide Show, Hybrid Set Up at CTL, Remoteteach Helpdesk, An introduction to Tutor, Feedback in classes, ALT MPLS M121 - Feedback, two Ally Course Accessibility windows and Microsoft To Do.](assets/media/img-698f760cf824b1e8.png)

## Alt-Tab view on Windows
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![The slide's original page: a screenshot of the Windows Alt-Tab task switcher showing many open windows, with part of a keyboard drawn over its right side; the tab key is outlined in green and the Windows key in red.](assets/pages/page-51.png)

On the keyboard drawn over the screenshot, the tab key is outlined in green and the Windows key in red.

## Summary of keyboard shortcuts
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| Alt-Tab | Switch between open windows |
|---|---|
| Win-P | Switch between mirroring and extending screen to multiple monitors |
| Win-Shift-Left Arrow | Switch active window between monitors |

## Transferring mental models into fluent actions is also necessary.
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## Pick the right kind of sharing
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![Screenshot of the Teams “Share content” panel, with Presenter mode options and Screen, Window, Microsoft Whiteboard and PowerPoint Live sections.](assets/media/img-5013ca46f9bf16da.png)

- Everything on screen
- Just one window
- PPT Within Teams

## Understand which window to share
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![Screenshot of the Teams share-window list: Meeting with Dominik Lukes | Microsoft Teams, Hybrid Set Up at CTL.pptx - PowerPoint Presenter View, PowerPoint Slide Show - Hybrid Set Up at CTL.pptx, and Hybrid Set Up at CTL.pptx - PowerPoint.](assets/media/img-029a25bb882fc536.png)

- Presenter view
- Slide show
- PowerPoint

## Expecting things to ‘just work’ is like expecting cars to ‘just drive’.
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## This requires deliberate practice
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dominik.lukes@ctl.ox.ac.uk | @techczech