# Metaphors in/of education Canonical page: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education - SlideShare title: Metaphors in and of Education - Talk date: Not established - SlideShare upload: 2006-11-04 (upload date, not the delivery date) - Event: Not established - Place: Not established - Topics: Language & meaning - Language: en - Slides in the original listing: 22 - Coverage: Full text of all 22 slides, each paired with its original slide image (slide N is section N). - Original listing: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/metaphors-in-and-of-education/8586 - Cover image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-01.png - Reader data (JSON): https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/presentation.json - TalkWeaver package (outline and images, ZIP): https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education/metaphors-in-and-of-education-talkweaver.zip - TalkWeaver outline: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education/talkweaver/metaphors-in-and-of-education-outline.md ## Slide 1: Metaphors in/of education Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-1 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-01.png Dominik Lukeš www.bohemica.com/metaphor School of Education and Lifelong Learning, UEA ## Slide 2: Outline Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-2 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-02.png - … in education - overview of metaphor inquiry in edu - metaphor as a tool for instruction - … of education - TEACHER IS … (cognitive metaphors) - school should be … (generative metaphors) - … there and back … - towards a classification of metaphor use ## Slide 3: Uses of Metaphor in Education Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-3 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-03.png - Make sense of the world - Express complex meaning - Construct alternatives - Organize systematic concepts - Invite interaction - Add dramatic effect adapted from *Cortazzi and Jin 1999* ## Slide 4: Context of Metaphor in Education Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-4 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-04.png - Theory building - generative - exegetic - Policy debates - Teacher training - Personal identity/motivation - Organization and presentation of instructional content ## Slide 5: Research of Metaphor in Education Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-5 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-05.png - Metaphors as an instructional tool - Metaphors in the language of instruction - Metaphors in conceptualization of self in teachers (new and experienced) and students - Metaphors in educational discourse - Public discourse - Policy debates (not all conceptual) - Conceptualizing innovation (dtto) - Conscious and unconscious metaphors ## Slide 6: Metaphor as an instructional tool Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-6 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-06.png - Design of instructional content (Locus of classic debate) - Presentation to students for ease of understanding - Adapting ‘literal’ scientific content to ‘pedagogic’ level - Method of inquiry to allow students to find personal meaning (both of academic content and own life) ## Slide 7: Cognitive Metaphors of Education Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-7 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-07.png - SCHOOLS ARE PRISONS, GARDENS, FACTORIES, SOCIETIES, FAMILIES - TEACHERS ARE PARENTS, GUIDES, DIRECTORS, ACTORS, ANIMAL TRAINERS - STUDENTS ARE CONTAINERS, PLANTS, ANIMALS TO BE CONTROLLED - LEARNING IS GROWTH, FILLING UP, LIFE, ACQUISITION OF GOODS, BUILDING A PORTFOLIO, BUILDING A STRUCTURE ## Slide 8: Education as a Source Domain Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-8 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-08.png - LIFE IS A TEACHER - EXPERIENCE IS A SCHOOL - COMPANY IS A SCHOOL (The learning organization) - EMPLOYEES ARE PUPILS - BEING ABLE TO DO SOMETHING IS BEING ABLE TO READ (functional literacy, emotional literacy, numeracy, computer literacy, academic literacy, oracy) ## Slide 9: Generative Metaphors of Education Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-9 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-09.png - Market metaphor - Growth metaphor - Family metaphor - Engineering/scientific metaphor - Society metaphor (education for democracy) - Moral/humanistic metaphor (education to ensure moral humans) - Ad hoc generative metaphors ## Slide 10: Metaphors and educational policy Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-10 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-10.png > “**Diverse** and sometimes **contradictory metaphors** on schooling and school improvement dominate the **thinking of policy makers**, scholars and practitioners.” (Wincek, 1995) > “It was Napoleon who once famously described Britain as a nation of shopkeepers. Successive governments, since the premiership of Mrs Thatcher, have **accepted this grocer-like** view and attempted to turn every social institution into a commercial enterprise.” ... “This is a classic example of what philosophers call 'category error', the mistake of discussing - or in this case planning - one area of activity in the language and terms and with the concepts which are appropriate to another. ... It is **a seriously fallacious form of reasoning**.” (Kelly, 2004) ## Slide 11: Market metaphor Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-11 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-11.png - Product - Consumers - Manufacturing - Trade - Currency - Efficiency - Marketplace - Business theory - Parents - Students - Society - Government - Knowledge - Information - School - Employment ## Slide 12: Examples of discourse Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-12 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-12.png - “A **school** has to decide what kind of organization it is (a **factory, a work community, a market-place**?), who its **customers** are, what they want and how that is to be **delivered** and **measured**.” (Handy&Aitken, 1986) - "We must give **consumers of education** a central part in **decision-making**. That means **freeing** schools and colleges to **deliver the standards** that parents and employers want. It means **encouraging the consumer to expect and demand that all educational bodies do the best job possible**. In a word, it means **choice**." (Kenneth Baker introducing Education bill in 1987) - “It is only **through the market mechanism of choice that we can get away from the stultifying and** ***inherently unjust*** **method** **of assigning children to schools** according to their ZIP codes.” (Education Week, 2002) ## Slide 13: Areas of policy influenced Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-13 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-13.png - School vouchers - School choice - School (academic) performance and league tables - Performance-related pay - No strikes for teachers (as professionals) - Effective administration (school/district/nation level) - Economies of scale (Edison schools) - Superheads - Curriculum for needs of country i.e. business - Competition in textbook design - Teacher training - Assessment ## Slide 14: Growth (organic) metaphor Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-14 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-14.png - Organic nature - Nourishment - Care - Biological theory - Birth - Illness - Health - Death - Learning - Becoming adult - Being mature - Being a useful member of society - Being a responsible citizen - Being able to learn - Mind/body ## Slide 15: Examples of discourse Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-15 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-15.png - “Plants are shaped by **cultivation** and men by **education**. If man were born big and strong, his size and strength would useless to him until he had learned to make use of them.” … “The **education** of man **begins at his birth**; before speaking, before understanding, he is already learning.” (Rousseau, 1762) - “The **object and reward of learning** is continued capacity for **growth**.” (Dewey,1916) - “We **teach children**, not subjects.” (Progressivist slogan) - “The growth metaphor in itself thus embodies a modest conception of the teacher's role, which is to study and then **indirectly to help the development of the child**, rather than to shape him into some preconceived form...” (Scheffler, 1960) - “**only true education** comes through the **stimulation of the child’s powers** by the demands of the social situations in which he finds himself” (Dewey, 1897) ## Slide 16: Areas of policy influenced Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-16 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-16.png - Child-centered education - Textbook design - National curriculum - Teacher training in child psychology and physiology - Physical education in the curriculum ## Slide 17: Family metaphor Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-17 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-17.png - Parents - Children - House rules - Obedience/Duty - Love - Rearing/behavior control - Society - Teachers - Students - Principals - School rules - School allegiance - Love for knowledge - Society ## Slide 18: Examples of discourse Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-18 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-18.png > “The family metaphor is fundamental to education since **society requires that school personnel and parents act as co-guardians of children.** Even legally, school personnel act ***in loco parentis***.” … “Mega Center's **children** developed a strong sense of **loyalty** to their **individual family of learners** and to the **schoolwide family**. The school's principal, teachers, and staff expressed both in words and in practice their conceptualization of **school-as-family for the children**. Although, the **teachers and staff** related to children as family, **their relationships with one another did not flow from the family metaphor**. Neither were parents and guadians of the children viewed through the lens of the family metaphor.” > > (Wincek, 1995) ## Slide 19: Areas of policy influenced Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-19 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-19.png - School environment - Teacher role - Parental involvement - Corporal punishment - Proportion of moral education in the curriculum - Proportion of socialization as a purpose of education - Sex education - Breakfast clubs - No child left behind / Every child matters ## Slide 20: Mixing metaphors for diversity Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-20 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-20.png - “it is undeniable that modern technology plays an increasingly important role in the process of wine-making, yet there is a definite limit to technical intervention. We are in fact operating within a triangle: **nature, technique and care**. Only the combination of these three can explain why **each year, each winery, and even sometimes each bottle brings a different wine**.” (Leirman, 1993) - “Metaphorical language, it seems, has served as a **vehicle for introducing concepts** -- usually emanating from academic circles--into the parlance of practice. In decade after decade, scholars have **clothed their newly developed ideas** about leadership in **metaphors from earlier eras**.” (Beck and Murphy, 1993) ## Slide 21: Metaphor Theory After Education Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-21 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-21.png - Metaphors before Lakoff&Johnson - Affective and higher cognitive role of metaphor - Metaphorbility – Aptitude for metaphor - Consequences of metaphor (Metaphors and actions) - Metaphors and the nature (mental representation of understanding) - Metaphors in use vs. metaphors in mind - Classification of metaphor use - Cognitive - Interpersonal - Textual ## Slide 22: Consequences of Metaphors Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/metaphors-in-and-of-education#section-22 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/metaphors-in-and-of-education/pages/page-22.png - Metaphors influence actions - People who think of language as a tool are more likely to be pro-reform than those who think of it as a person - Metaphors interpret actions/states - Teachers are more likely to see students as container than students who might see themselves as such - Metaphors and actions/states cooexist - Experienced teachers see learning in a behaviorist way rather than constructivist way Collections: [Linguistics, metaphor and cognition](https://slides.dominiklukes.net/?collection=linguistics)