# Polysystémovost v jazyce: Konvergentní a divergentní modely procesu standardizace

Canonical page: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language

- SlideShare title: Polysystémovost v jazyce (Polysystemiticity in language)
- Talk date: Not established
- SlideShare upload: 2010-12-07 (upload date, not the delivery date)
- Event: Not established
- Place: Not established
- Topics: Language & meaning
- Language: cs
- Slides in the original listing: 19
- Coverage: Full text of all 19 slides, each paired with its original slide image (slide N is section N).
- Original listing: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/6059565
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## Slide 1: Polysystémovost v jazyce: Konvergentní a divergentní modely procesu standardizace

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-1 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-01.png

Dominik Lukeš

<http://dominiklukes.net>

## Slide 2: Motto:

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-2 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-02.png

> Studium jazyka by mělo vycházet ze skutečnosti, že multilingvalismus je normální stav jazykové dovednosti. (E Chaika, parafráze)

## Slide 3: Odkojeni strukturalismem

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-3 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-03.png

- Redukcionismus
- Minimalismus popisu
- Hierarchismus a atomismus
- Formalismus
- Scientismus

## Slide 4: Konvergence a divergence

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-4 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-04.png

- Divergence
  - Ústřední systém, od nějž se odlišují a oddalují jednotlivci a skupiny
- Konvergence
  - Federace systémů, které se přibližují až vytvoří iluzi jednoho systému

## Slide 5: Příklady „systémů“ v jazyce

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-5 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-05.png

- Flexe
- Čas-Vid-Modalita
- Lexikon
- Fonontaxe
- Slovosled

## Slide 6: Slovní druhy

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-6 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-06.png

- Kolik má angličtina slovních druhů?
  - 4, 8, 9, 12
- Jsou přivlastňovací zájmena adjektiva? A co adjektiva?
  - čí, jeho, jejim, našemu, Petrovi, Karlimu, první
  - Adjektiva v širším smyslu? (Trávníček)
- Co s koho, nikoho, někoho, leckoho, jakkoho, kohosi, kohopak, kohokoli?
  - ně-, ni-, jak-, kde-, lec-, -koli, -pak, -si

## Slide 7: Vida -va-

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-7 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-07.png

- Kolik má čeština vidů a jaký mají význam?
  - Nesedni si na to v. nesedej si na to?
  - On si sem klidně každý den přijde...
- Co má -va- společného s videm?
  - použít – používat – používávat
  - „S obavou a nejistotou očekávává každý rok příchod jara i Milan Kupka (32) z Ostravy.“ (syn2005)

## Slide 8: Slabiky

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-8 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-08.png

- Jaké mají slabiky hranice?
- Jak rozdělit lady?
  - /lei-di/
  - /leid-i/
- Onset maximization (Cambridge) v. Stress attraction (Longman)

## Slide 9: Inventář s ostrovy

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-9 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-09.png

- Jazyk je inventář symbolických jazykových jednotek (konstrukcí), které jsou uspořádány do ostrovů pravidelnosti
- Jednotky se nacházejí na škále formální i významové schématičnosti
- V mluvě z tohoto inventáře čerpáme prostřednictvím pojmové integrace
- Uspořádání tohoto inventáře je předmětem interních i externích procesů

## Slide 10: Konstrukce = jednotky

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-10 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-10.png

- Lexikální jednotky
  - Karel, auto, myšlenka, chodit, do Prčic, z čista jasna
- Gramatické konstrukce
  - -va-, Xdat chutná Ynom, ag akt pat, -ovi, dat 3p sg
- Uspořádání jednotek
  - slovník, textová kolonie, román, dopis, debata o vhodnosti používání X

## Slide 11: Ukázky konstrukcí v praxi

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-11 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-11.png

- Swann, M. 2009 Practical English Usage
- Leech, G. Et al. 2001 An A-Z of English Grammar & Usage
- Goldberg, A. 2006. Constructions at Work: The nature of generalisation in language

## Slide 12: Slide 12

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-12 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-12.png

(The slide shows no title; the heading above is its contents label.)

![A scanned page from an English usage reference book, cropped at the top and bottom (the first and last lines are cut off), transcribed in the text below the image. Entry numbers and headings are in orange; key words are bold or italic as marked in the transcription.](https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/media/img-8343223953b62988.png)

(The top of the page ends an earlier entry:) For differences between *could* and *was able*, see 122.5, 123.2.

**4 about and on**

Compare:

- a book for children **about** Africa and its peoples; a textbook **on** African history
- a conversation **about** money; a lecture **on** economics

We use *about* to talk about ordinary, more general kinds of communication. *On* suggests that a book, talk etc is more serious, suitable for specialists.

**5 about to**

*About* + **infinitive** (with *to*) means ‘going to very soon’; ‘just going to’. *Don’t go out now – we’re **about to** have lunch. I was **about to** go to bed when the telephone rang.* *Not about to* can mean ‘unwilling to’. *I’m **not about to** pay 100 dollars for that dress.*

**6 above and over**

**1** ‘higher than’: *above* or *over*

(The next line is cut off at the foot of the image.)

## Slide 13: Slide 13

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-13 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-13.png

(The slide shows no title; the heading above is its contents label.)

![A scanned page from an English usage reference book, cropped at the top and bottom, transcribed in the text below the image. The headline example at the foot is cut off: only the upper half of its letters is visible.](https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/media/img-a4f63be31c9cacbe.png)

(The top of the page ends an example letter:) *Only went to doctor for cold – landed up in hospital with pneumonia!! If you have time please tell the others – would love some letters to cheer me up. Hope to see you. Love, Pam*

**3 commentaries**

Commentaries on fast-moving events like football matches also have their own kind of grammar. Auxiliaries and other less important verbs are often left out.

*Goal kick … And the score still Spurs 3, Arsenal 1 … that’s Pearce … Pearce to Coates … good ball … Sawyer running wide … Billings takes it, through to Matthews, Matthews with a cross, oh, and Billings in beautifully, a good chance there – and it’s a goal!*

**4 titles, notices etc**

Titles, labels, headings, notices and slogans usually consist of short phrases, not complete sentences. Articles are often left out, especially in the names of buildings and institutions.

- *ROYAL HOTEL*
- *INFORMATION OFFICE*
- *MORE MONEY FOR NURSES!*

**5 headlines**

News headlines have their own special grammar and vocabulary. For details, see 240.

*RECORD DRUGS HAUL AT AIRPORT: SIX HELD* (cut off at the foot of the image: only the upper half of the letters is visible)

## Slide 14: Slide 14

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-14 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-14.png

(The slide shows no title; the heading above is its contents label.)

***totiž* construction**

- *constructional meaning:*
  - profile perceived cause in the discourse space
  - activate modal prosody of emphasis
- *constructional form:* post-verb (unstressed) position

***because* construction**

- *meaning:*
  - profile logical cause in the discourse space
  - activate logical prosody of causation
- *form:* clause-initial (stressed) position

## Slide 15: Slide 15

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-15 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-15.png

(The slide shows no title; the heading above is its contents label.)

**Czech causal cohesive harmony construction**

- *constructional meaning:* profile all possible causal coherence links through connectives *plus* direction and/or semantic prosody of emphasis or attitude
- *constructional form:* totiž, tak, proto, protože *plus* Czech elegant variation

**English causal cohesive harmony construction**

- *meaning:* profile necessary (logical) causal coherence links through connectives *plus* direction and/or semantic prosody of logical inference
- *form:* zero, for, because, so, therefore, thus, which is why, then *plus* English elegant variation

## Slide 16: Metaphor negotiation construction(s)

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-16 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-16.png

**Metaphor negotiation**

- Meaning
  - folk theory of analogy
  - folk theory of categorization
  - folk theory of truth
  - folk theory of logical inference
- Form
  - exegesis
  - postulations of domain and investigation of mapping
  - attribution of truth or adequacy
  - limits of aptness

**Education as a marketplace**

- Meaning
  - “education is like a market-place”
  - this is either true or not true
  - things follow from the above
  - elements of the domain of education have correspondences in the domain of business
  - any one disanalogy invalidates any correspondence
- Form
  - X claims Y is like Z
  - y in Y is (not) z in Z ergo X is right/wrong
  - partial correspondence is enough to go on

## Slide 17: Výhody inventarizace jazyka

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-17 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-17.png

- Nabízí kognitivně realistickou vizi použivatelnosti a osvojitelnosti jazyka
- Vysvětluje stejně dobře fonologii, syntax i jazykovou politiku
- Nepovažuje bilingvismus za odchylku od normy
- Soustředí výzkumné úsilí na skutečné problémy v popisu jazyka
- Umožňuje více interpretací stejného jevu z různých perspektiv
- Nevyžaduje jeden formát notace pro popis

## Slide 18: Teoretické inspirace

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-18 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-18.png

- Langacker: Cognitive grammar
- Croft: Radical Construction Grammar
- Fauconnier & Turner: Conceptual Integration
- Hoey: text colonies, lexical priming
- Sinclair: local grammars
- Novák, Starý: jazyk lingvistiky

## Slide 19: Slide 19

Cite: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language#section-19 · Original slide image: https://slides.dominiklukes.net/readers/polysystmovost-v-jazyce-polysystemiticity-in-language/pages/page-19.png

(The slide shows no title; the heading above is its contents label.)

> V lingvistice je po mém soudu třeba stále obnovovat kontakt s „jazykovou realitou“, snažit se, aby „teorie“ byly teoriemi a ne ideologiemi, a kultivovat k tomu přijatelné (neškodlivé, snesitelné, dokonce vhodné) způsoby vyjadřování. A nemusí to pořád dělat všichni, stačí, když to dělá někdo a je slyšen.
>
> – Pavel Novák

Collections: [Linguistics, metaphor and cognition](https://slides.dominiklukes.net/?collection=linguistics), [Czech language and grammar](https://slides.dominiklukes.net/?collection=czech)