{
  "title": "If Levi-Strauss met Langacker: Constructional foundations of cultural patterns",
  "sections": [
    {
      "id": "section-1",
      "title": "If Levi-Strauss met Langacker: Constructional foundations of cultural patterns",
      "level": 2,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 1",
      "html": "<h3>If Levi-Strauss met Langacker: Constructional foundations of cultural patterns</h3><p>Dominik Lukeš</p><p>@techczech</p><p><a href=\"http://metaphorhacker.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://metaphorhacker.net</a></p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=1\">View original slide 1</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-2",
      "title": "Preliminaries",
      "level": 2,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 2",
      "html": "<h3>Preliminaries</h3><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=2\">View original slide 2</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-3",
      "title": "Preliminaries",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 3",
      "html": "<p><strong>Can culture be taught the same way that language can?</strong></p><p>Culture is more like language than we assume in that language is more like culture than we assume.</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=3\">View original slide 3</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-4",
      "title": "Preliminaries",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 4",
      "html": "<p><img src=\"/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/media/page-04.png\" alt=\"Portraits and labels compare Jakobson’s voiced / unvoiced distinction with Lévi-Strauss’s cooked / raw distinction.\" loading=\"lazy\"></p><ul><li>Jakobson</li><li><strong>voiced / unvoiced</strong></li><li><strong>cooked / raw</strong></li><li>Lévi-Strauss</li></ul><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=4\">View original slide 4</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-5",
      "title": "Preliminaries",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 5",
      "html": "<blockquote><p>“I saw a guy at a party wearing a leather jacket and I thought, ‘That is cool.’ But then I saw another guy wearing a leather vest and I thought, ‘That is not cool’. Then I figured it out: ‘Cool’ is all about leather sleeves.”</p><p>– Demetri Martin</p></blockquote><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=5\">View original slide 5</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-6",
      "title": "Preliminaries",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 6",
      "html": "<p><img src=\"/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/media/page-06.png\" alt=\"Two portraits accompany the labels Langacker, construction inventory, Levi-Strauss and question marks.\" loading=\"lazy\"></p><ul><li>Langacker</li><li><strong>construction inventory</strong></li><li><strong>??????</strong></li><li>Levi-Strauss</li></ul><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=6\">View original slide 6</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-7",
      "title": "Preliminaries",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 7",
      "html": "<p><strong>Caveat</strong></p><p>We need more than just using terms from one field to label phenomena in another without providing a benefit.</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=7\">View original slide 7</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-8",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 2,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 8",
      "html": "<h3>(Radical) Constructional view of language</h3><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=8\">View original slide 8</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-9",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 9",
      "html": "<p><img src=\"/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/media/img-3f51c4fc77cf61c2.jpeg\" alt=\"Book cover: Radical Construction Grammar: Syntactic Theory in Typological Perspective, William Croft, Oxford.\" loading=\"lazy\"></p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=9\">View original slide 9</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-10",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 10",
      "html": "<p><strong>Language</strong> = Constructions (meaning/form pairs) + Integration (blending)</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=10\">View original slide 10</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-11",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 11",
      "html": "<ul><li>Language is a structured <strong>inventory</strong> of symbolic units</li><li>Units are best described as <strong>constructions</strong> linking form and meaning</li><li>Formal and semantic compositionality is the process of conceptual <strong>integration</strong></li></ul><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=11\">View original slide 11</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-12",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 12",
      "html": "<p>Everything we know as words and rules are just <strong>constructions</strong>.</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=12\">View original slide 12</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-13",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 13",
      "html": "<p>Knowledge of linguistic units is the <strong>same kind of knowledge as other kinds of knowledge</strong> (encyclopedic) and exhibits the same kinds of organizational, cognitive and social properties (incl. basic-level hierarchies, prototype category effects, underspecification, redundancy, conventionalization, culture/language-specificity, explication, negotiation)</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=13\">View original slide 13</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-14",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 14",
      "html": "<p>Knowledge is structured by frames (cognitive models).</p><p>(See talk on Frames.)</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=14\">View original slide 14</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-15",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 15",
      "html": "<p><strong>conceptual integration</strong> is constrained, underspecified, opportunistic, dynamic, conventionalized</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=15\">View original slide 15</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-16",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 16",
      "html": "<p><strong>Meaning</strong> of constructions can be very <strong>rich</strong> (encyclopedic/lexical – ‘horse’) or very <strong>schematic</strong> (grammatical ‘N’, ‘N+pl’)</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=16\">View original slide 16</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-17",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 17",
      "html": "<table><thead><tr><th>meaning</th><th>/ dog /</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>form</td><td>[ d ɔ g ]</td></tr></tbody></table><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=17\">View original slide 17</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-18",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 18",
      "html": "<table><thead><tr><th>/ dog /</th><th>/ plural s/z/ɪz /</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>[ d ɔ g ]</td><td>[ z ]</td></tr></tbody></table><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=18\">View original slide 18</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-19",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 19",
      "html": "<p><img src=\"/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/media/page-19.png\" alt=\"Six photographs of dogs on boats or at the wheel surround the pairs / dogs / above d ɔ g z and / sail / above s aɪ l, each pair separated by a horizontal line.\" loading=\"lazy\"></p><table><thead><tr><th>/ dogs /</th><th>/ sail /</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>[ d ɔ g z ]</td><td>[ s aɪ l ]</td></tr></tbody></table><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=19\">View original slide 19</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-20",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 20",
      "html": "<p>Constructions are of different <strong>degrees of schematicity</strong> (e.g. style is a construction) and their working is available for introspection to various degrees (cf. Talmy)</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=20\">View original slide 20</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-21",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 21",
      "html": "<ul><li><strong><em>because</em></strong> <strong>construction</strong><ul><li><em>meaning:</em><ul><li>profile logical cause in the discourse space;</li><li>activate logical prosody of causation</li></ul></li><li><em>form:</em> [because] clause-initial (stressed) position + collocational patterns</li></ul></li></ul><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=21\">View original slide 21</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-22",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 22",
      "html": "<ul><li><strong>English causal cohesive harmony construction</strong><ul><li><em>meaning:</em> profile necessary (logical) causal coherence links through connectives <em>plus</em> direction and/or semantic prosody of logical inference</li><li><em>form:</em> zero, for, because, so, therefore, thus, which is why, then <em>plus</em> English elegant variation</li></ul></li></ul><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=22\">View original slide 22</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-23",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 23",
      "html": "<ul><li><strong><em>introduction</em></strong> <strong>construction</strong><ul><li><em>meaning:</em><ul><li>identify genre; activate conceptual spaces for blending; hypostasize entrenched blends and activate gaps; establish credibility of author</li></ul></li><li><em>form:</em><ul><li>local grammars of introduction: opening statement, definition, anecdote (it is said, when I), analogy (just like), name-drop (it is Lakoff’s claim), statement of generality (language is one of the most complex systems), statement of agreement (the concensus is)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=23\">View original slide 23</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-24",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 24",
      "html": "<p>Construction inventory (Croft and Cruse 2004)</p><p><img src=\"/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/media/page-24.png\" alt=\"Three construction diagrams appear. The first links constructions to word, NP VP and Quant N boxes, with a grammar arrow. The second links Sbj IntrVerb and Sbj Aux-n’t Verb to “I didn’t sleep”. The third branches from Clause through Sbj IntrVerb and Sbj TrVerb Obj to examples including Sbj sleep, Sbj run, Sbj kiss Obj, Sbj kick the bucket and Sbj kick the habit.\" loading=\"lazy\"></p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=24\">View original slide 24</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-25",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 25",
      "html": "<p>Constructions are organized in a <strong>patterned inventory</strong> that is subject to both collective convergence and individual divergence.</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=25\">View original slide 25</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-26",
      "title": "(Radical) Constructional view of language",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 26",
      "html": "<p>The inventory is collectively <strong>negotiated</strong> both implicitly through imitation and explicitly.</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=26\">View original slide 26</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-27",
      "title": "Culture as inventory of constructions",
      "level": 2,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 27",
      "html": "<h3>Culture as inventory of constructions</h3><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=27\">View original slide 27</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-28",
      "title": "Culture as inventory of constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 28",
      "html": "<p>Behaviours, beliefs, social hierarchies, forms of speech = patterned <strong>inventory of form / meaning pairs</strong></p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=28\">View original slide 28</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-29",
      "title": "Culture as inventory of constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 29",
      "html": "<p>Culture cannot be summarized by general principles. There are regularities and patterns of motivation but no determination.</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=29\">View original slide 29</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-30",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 2,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 30",
      "html": "<h3>Examples of cultural constructions</h3><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=30\">View original slide 30</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-31",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 31",
      "html": "<p><img src=\"/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/media/img-5fc5b24a51a2e565.png\" alt=\"An open palm has a smiling face drawn on it.\" loading=\"lazy\"></p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=31\">View original slide 31</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-32",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 32",
      "html": "<p><img src=\"/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/media/page-32.png\" alt=\"A kitten with narrowed eyes and a smiling baby accompany the question “The universal smile?”.\" loading=\"lazy\"></p><p>The universal smile?</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=32\">View original slide 32</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-33",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 33",
      "html": "<p><img src=\"/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/media/img-cf269c06622a869c.jpeg\" alt=\"A photograph shows a shopkeeper and customers across a shop counter, with the caption “Russian shopkeepers should be more friendly”.\" loading=\"lazy\"></p><p>Russian shopkeepers should be more friendly</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=33\">View original slide 33</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-34",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 34",
      "html": "<p><img src=\"/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/media/img-4aeb3e8dcc7b942c.jpeg\" alt=\"A photograph of Hillary Clinton smiling broadly accompanies the caption “Americans are insincere”.\" loading=\"lazy\"></p><p>Americans are insincere</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=34\">View original slide 34</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-35",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 35",
      "html": "<p>SMILE</p><ul><li>Person you know</li><li>Express happiness</li><li>Confirm emotional relationship</li></ul><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=35\">View original slide 35</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-36",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 36",
      "html": "<p>SMILE</p><ul><li>Person you meet</li><li>Express general connection/acknowledgement</li></ul><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=36\">View original slide 36</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-37",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 37",
      "html": "<p>IMAGES OF SMILE / SAYINGS ABOUT SMILING / …</p><ul><li>Smiling means friendliness</li><li>Smiling is better when sincere</li><li>More people should smile</li><li>…</li></ul><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=37\">View original slide 37</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-38",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 38",
      "html": "<p>Collectivist / Individualist cultures</p><p>(Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences, 1983)</p><p><a href=\"http://geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.html</a></p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=38\">View original slide 38</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-39",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 39",
      "html": "<p><strong>Individualist</strong></p><blockquote><p>“a loosely-knit social framework in which individuals are expected to take care of themselves and their immediate families only”</p></blockquote><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=39\">View original slide 39</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-40",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 40",
      "html": "<p><strong>Collectivist</strong></p><blockquote><p>“a tightly-knit framework in society in which individuals can expect their relatives or members of a particular in-group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty”</p></blockquote><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=40\">View original slide 40</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-41",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 41",
      "html": "<p><img src=\"/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/media/img-9225dfbb5214efde.png\" alt=\"A grouped bar chart compares United States, Russia and China across PDI, IDV, MAS, UAI and LTO. The IDV group is outlined: United States 91, Russia 39, China 20. Source printed on the slide: geert-hofstede.com/countries.html.\" loading=\"lazy\"></p><p><a href=\"http://geert-hofstede.com/countries.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://geert-hofstede.com/countries.html</a></p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=41\">View original slide 41</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-42",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 42",
      "html": "<p><strong>United States</strong></p><ul><li>Chamber of Commerce</li><li>Teams, organizations, etc.</li><li>“No ‘I’ in team”</li><li>“Friends”</li></ul><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=42\">View original slide 42</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-43",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 43",
      "html": "<p><strong>China / Russia</strong></p><ul><li>Local government individualistic</li><li>Individuals in teams</li><li>Family is the individual</li><li>“Friends”</li></ul><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=43\">View original slide 43</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-44",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 44",
      "html": "<p><img src=\"/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/media/img-00d1e91e8a2e9420.png\" alt=\"Book cover: Understanding Cultures Through Their Key Words: English, Russian, Polish, German, and Japanese, Anna Wierzbicka. The slide labels it Wierzbicka, 1997.\" loading=\"lazy\"></p><p>Wierzbicka</p><p>1997</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=44\">View original slide 44</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-45",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 45",
      "html": "<blockquote><p>“I hate the prostitution of the word friendship to signify modish and worldly alliances.” (Emerson cited by Wierzbicka, p. 48)</p></blockquote><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=45\">View original slide 45</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-46",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 46",
      "html": "<blockquote><p>“By contrast, the modern expression <em>close friend</em> is not meant to have the same range of referents as the word <em>friend</em>; it is indeed intended to stand for a different category of people, linked to the target person by a different kind of relationship.”</p><p>Wierzbicka, p. 49</p></blockquote><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=46\">View original slide 46</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-47",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 47",
      "html": "<p>FRIEND (forms)</p><p>FRIEND (meanings)</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=47\">View original slide 47</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-48",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 48",
      "html": "<blockquote><p>“I'll be there for you</p><p>When the rain starts to pour</p><p>I'll be there for you</p><p>Like I've been there before</p><p>I'll be there for you</p><p>'Cuz you're there for me too...”</p></blockquote><blockquote><p><em>“V nouzi poznáš přítele.”</em></p></blockquote><p>Friendship is important</p><p>Czech friend, American friend</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=48\">View original slide 48</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-49",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 49",
      "html": "<p>“How much money do you make now?”</p><p>Knowledge of earnings of a person</p><p>Czech friend, American spouse, Albanian acquaintance</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=49\">View original slide 49</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-50",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 50",
      "html": "<p><img src=\"/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/media/img-909e3b9745838e92.png\" alt=\"Book cover: The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation: National Identity and the Post-Communist Social Transformation. The slide labels it Ladislav Holý, 1996.\" loading=\"lazy\"></p><p>Ladislav Holý</p><p>1996</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=50\">View original slide 50</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-51",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 51",
      "html": "<p><img src=\"/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/media/img-7bb424c877a4d688.png\" alt=\"A scanned table titled “Traits ascribed by Czechs to themselves (percentages), 1990 and 1992” groups negative and positive traits into two year columns.\" loading=\"lazy\"></p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=51\">View original slide 51</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-52",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 52",
      "html": "<blockquote><p>“ [Czechs] see themselves as petty-minded, intellectually limited, and mediocre, and yet consider the Czech nation highly cultured and well educated. The <strong>coexistence of the two images</strong> poses constant dilemmas.” (p. 77)</p></blockquote><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=52\">View original slide 52</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-53",
      "title": "Examples of cultural constructions",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 53",
      "html": "<p>Little England</p><blockquote><p>“Little Englander is also, colloquially speaking, an <a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">epithet</a> applied in criticisms of <a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">English people</a> who are regarded as<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">xenophobic</a> and/or overly <a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalistic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nationalistic</a> and are often accused of being \"ignorant\" and \"boorish\".”</p></blockquote><p><a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Englander\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Englander</a></p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=53\">View original slide 53</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-54",
      "title": "Conclusion",
      "level": 2,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 54",
      "html": "<h3>Conclusion</h3><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=54\">View original slide 54</a></p>"
    },
    {
      "id": "section-55",
      "title": "Conclusion",
      "level": 3,
      "headingHtml": "Slide 55",
      "html": "<p>Non-reductionist view of culture is possible. Research needs to focus on <strong>form/meaning pairings of different generality</strong> not the identification of general principles.</p><p><a href=\"/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns?mode=originals&amp;page=55\">View original slide 55</a></p>"
    }
  ],
  "pages": [
    {
      "number": 1,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-01.png",
      "text": "If Levi-Strauss met Langacker: Constructional foundations of cultural patterns\n\nDominik Lukeš\n\n@techczech\n\nhttp://metaphorhacker.net"
    },
    {
      "number": 2,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-02.png",
      "text": "Preliminaries"
    },
    {
      "number": 3,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-03.png",
      "text": "Can culture be taught the same way that language can?\n\nCulture is more like language than we assume in that language is more like culture than we assume."
    },
    {
      "number": 4,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-04.png",
      "text": "Jakobson\n\nvoiced / unvoiced\n\ncooked / raw\n\nLévi-Strauss"
    },
    {
      "number": 5,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-05.png",
      "text": "“I saw a guy at a party wearing a leather jacket and I thought, ‘That is cool.’ But then I saw another guy wearing a leather vest and I thought, ‘That is not cool’. Then I figured it out: ‘Cool’ is all about leather sleeves.”\n\n– Demetri Martin"
    },
    {
      "number": 6,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-06.png",
      "text": "Langacker\n\nconstruction inventory\n\n??????\n\nLevi-Strauss"
    },
    {
      "number": 7,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-07.png",
      "text": "Caveat\n\nWe need more than just using terms from one field to label phenomena in another without providing a benefit."
    },
    {
      "number": 8,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-08.png",
      "text": "(Radical) Constructional view of language"
    },
    {
      "number": 9,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-09.png",
      "text": "Book cover: Radical Construction Grammar: Syntactic Theory in Typological Perspective, William Croft, Oxford."
    },
    {
      "number": 10,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-10.png",
      "text": "Language\n\n=\n\nConstructions (meaning/form pairs)\n\n+\n\nIntegration (blending)"
    },
    {
      "number": 11,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-11.png",
      "text": "Language is a structured inventory of symbolic units\n\nUnits are best described as constructions linking form and meaning\n\nFormal and semantic compositionality is the process of conceptual integration"
    },
    {
      "number": 12,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-12.png",
      "text": "Everything we know as words and rules are just constructions."
    },
    {
      "number": 13,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-13.png",
      "text": "Knowledge of linguistic units is the same kind of knowledge as other kinds of knowledge (encyclopedic) and exhibits the same kinds of organizational, cognitive and social properties (incl. basic-level hierarchies, prototype category effects, underspecification, redundancy, conventionalization, culture/language-specificity, explication, negotiation)"
    },
    {
      "number": 14,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-14.png",
      "text": "Knowledge is structured by frames (cognitive models).\n\n(See talk on Frames.)"
    },
    {
      "number": 15,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-15.png",
      "text": "conceptual integration is constrained, underspecified, opportunistic, dynamic, conventionalized"
    },
    {
      "number": 16,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-16.png",
      "text": "Meaning of constructions can be very rich (encyclopedic/lexical – ‘horse’) or very schematic (grammatical ‘N’, ‘N+pl’)"
    },
    {
      "number": 17,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-17.png",
      "text": "meaning\n\n___________\n\nform\n\n/ dog /\n\n___________\n\n[ d ɔ g ]"
    },
    {
      "number": 18,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-18.png",
      "text": "/ dog /\n\n___________\n\n[ d ɔ g ]\n\n/ plural s/z/ɪz /\n\n___________\n\n[ z ]"
    },
    {
      "number": 19,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-19.png",
      "text": "/ dogs /\n\n___________\n\n[ d ɔ g z ]\n\n/ sail /\n\n___________\n\n[ s aɪ l ]"
    },
    {
      "number": 20,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-20.png",
      "text": "Constructions are of different degrees of schematicity (e.g. style is a construction) and their working is available for introspection to various degrees (cf. Talmy)"
    },
    {
      "number": 21,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-21.png",
      "text": "because construction\n\nmeaning:\n\nprofile logical cause in the discourse \t\tspace;\n\nactivate logical prosody of causation\n\nform: [because] clause-initial (stressed) position + collocational patterns"
    },
    {
      "number": 22,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-22.png",
      "text": "English causal cohesive harmony construction\n\nmeaning: profile necessary (logical) causal coherence links through connectives plus direction and/or semantic prosody of logical inference\n\nform: zero, for, because, so, therefore, thus, which is why, then plus English elegant variation"
    },
    {
      "number": 23,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-23.png",
      "text": "introduction construction\n\nmeaning:\n\nidentify genre; activate conceptual spaces for blending; hypostasize entrenched blends and activate gaps; establish credibility of author\n\nform:\n\nlocal grammars of introduction: opening statement, definition, anecdote (it is said, when I), analogy (just like), name-drop (it is Lakoff’s claim), statement of generality (language is one of the most complex systems), statement of agreement (the concensus is)"
    },
    {
      "number": 24,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-24.png",
      "text": "Construction inventory (Croft and Cruse 2004)"
    },
    {
      "number": 25,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-25.png",
      "text": "Constructions are organized in a patterned inventory that is subject to both collective convergence and individual divergence."
    },
    {
      "number": 26,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-26.png",
      "text": "The inventory is collectively negotiated both implicitly through imitation and explicitly."
    },
    {
      "number": 27,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-27.png",
      "text": "Culture as inventory of constructions"
    },
    {
      "number": 28,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-28.png",
      "text": "Behaviours, beliefs, social hierarchies, forms of speech = patterned inventory of form / meaning pairs"
    },
    {
      "number": 29,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-29.png",
      "text": "Culture cannot be summarized by general principles. There are regularities and patterns of motivation but no determination."
    },
    {
      "number": 30,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-30.png",
      "text": "Examples of cultural constructions"
    },
    {
      "number": 31,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-31.png",
      "text": "An open palm has a smiling face drawn on it."
    },
    {
      "number": 32,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-32.png",
      "text": "The universal smile?"
    },
    {
      "number": 33,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-33.png",
      "text": "Russian shopkeepers should be more friendly"
    },
    {
      "number": 34,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-34.png",
      "text": "Americans are insincere"
    },
    {
      "number": 35,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-35.png",
      "text": "SMILE\n\n___________\n\nPerson you know\n\nExpress happiness\n\nConfirm emotional relationship"
    },
    {
      "number": 36,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-36.png",
      "text": "SMILE\n\n___________\n\nPerson you meet\n\nExpress general connection/acknowledgement"
    },
    {
      "number": 37,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-37.png",
      "text": "IMAGES OF SMILE / SAYINGS ABOUT SMILING / …\n\n___________\n\nSmiling means friendliness\n\nSmiling is better when sincere\n\nMore people should smile\n\n…"
    },
    {
      "number": 38,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-38.png",
      "text": "Collectivist / Individualist cultures\n\n(Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences, 1983)\n\nhttp://geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.html"
    },
    {
      "number": 39,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-39.png",
      "text": "Individualist\n\n“a loosely-knit social framework in which individuals are expected to take care of themselves and their immediate families only”"
    },
    {
      "number": 40,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-40.png",
      "text": "Collectivist\n\n“a tightly-knit framework in society in which individuals can expect their relatives or members of a particular in-group to look after them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty”"
    },
    {
      "number": 41,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-41.png",
      "text": "http://geert-hofstede.com/countries.html"
    },
    {
      "number": 42,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-42.png",
      "text": "United States\n\nChamber of Commerce\n\nTeams, organizations, etc.\n\n“No ‘I’ in team”\n\n“Friends”"
    },
    {
      "number": 43,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-43.png",
      "text": "China / Russia\n\nLocal government individualistic\n\nIndividuals in teams\n\nFamily is the individual\n\n“Friends”"
    },
    {
      "number": 44,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-44.png",
      "text": "Wierzbicka\n\n1997"
    },
    {
      "number": 45,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-45.png",
      "text": "“I hate the prostitution of the word friendship to signify modish and worldly alliances.” (Emerson cited by Wierzbicka, p. 48)"
    },
    {
      "number": 46,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-46.png",
      "text": "“By contrast, the modern expression close friend is not meant to have the same range of referents as the word friend; it is indeed intended to stand for a different category of people, linked to the target person by a different kind of relationship.”\n\nWierzbicka, p. 49"
    },
    {
      "number": 47,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-47.png",
      "text": "FRIEND (forms)\n\n_______________\n\nFRIEND (meanings)"
    },
    {
      "number": 48,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-48.png",
      "text": "“I'll be there for you\nWhen the rain starts to pour\nI'll be there for you\nLike I've been there before\nI'll be there for you\n'Cuz you're there for me too...”\n\n“V nouzi poznáš přítele.”\n\n_______________\n\nFriendship is important\n\nCzech friend, American friend"
    },
    {
      "number": 49,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-49.png",
      "text": "“How much money do you make now?”\n\n_______________\n\nKnowledge of earnings of a person\n\nCzech friend, American spouse, Albanian acquaintance"
    },
    {
      "number": 50,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-50.png",
      "text": "Ladislav Holý\n\n1996"
    },
    {
      "number": 51,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-51.png",
      "text": "A scanned table titled “Traits ascribed by Czechs to themselves (percentages), 1990 and 1992” groups negative and positive traits into two year columns. The table remains an image in this pilot."
    },
    {
      "number": 52,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-52.png",
      "text": "“ [Czechs] see themselves as petty-minded, intellectually limited, and mediocre, and yet consider the Czech nation highly cultured and well educated. The coexistence of the two images poses constant dilemmas.” (p. 77)"
    },
    {
      "number": 53,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-53.png",
      "text": "Little England\n\n“Little Englander is also, colloquially speaking, an epithet applied in criticisms of English people who are regarded asxenophobic and/or overly nationalistic and are often accused of being \"ignorant\" and \"boorish\".”\n\nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Englander"
    },
    {
      "number": 54,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-54.png",
      "text": "Conclusion"
    },
    {
      "number": 55,
      "image": "/readers/constructional-foundations-of-cultural-patterns/pages/page-55.png",
      "text": "Non-reductionist view of culture is possible. Research needs to focus on form/meaning pairings of different generality not the identification of general principles."
    }
  ],
  "pageKind": "PowerPoint slides rendered with LibreOffice · local format pilot"
}